. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 208 209 209 210 210Abbreviations: ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species; OCR, oxygen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 208 209 209 210 210Abbreviations: ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species; OCR, oxygen consumption rate; ECAR, extracellular acidification rate; XF, extracellular flux analyzer This really is an open-access article distributed below the terms of your Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, supplied the original author and supply are credited. n Correspondence to: Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Biomedical Investigation Constructing II, 901 19th Street, South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Tel.: ?1 205 975 9686; fax: ?1 205 934 1775.3-Amino-5-(tert-butyl)phenol Chemical name E-mail address: Darley@uab.1547960-36-0 custom synthesis edu (V.PMID:24576999 M. Darley-Usmar). 1 These authors contributed equally to this function. 2213-2317/ – see front matter 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.P.A. Kramer et al. / Redox Biology 2 (2014) 206?Introduction Circulating leukocytes and platelets are programmed for distinct roles in typical physiology which contain mediating the inflammatory procedure, thrombosis, clearance of foreign bodies and sensing and responding to systemic biological signals inside the circulation. The dynamic functions of peripheral blood leukocytes and platelets need an integrated metabolic machinery to meet energetic demand during typical physiology that is likely to involve both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The part of each these critical ATP creating pathways in supporting the biological function of platelets and leukocytes has been recognized but these findings haven’t been integrated into an all round understanding of those cell types in human subjects. This overview analyzes the similarities and differences within the glycolytic and oxidative metabolic profiles in leukocytes and platelets from human subjects and discusses the implications of those findings for the utilization of these cell kinds for translational investigation.Biological functions and metabolic programs of platelets and leukocytes The myeloid lineage supports the greatest wide variety of differentiated circulating cells which include erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, and monocytes. Monocytes are phagocytic cells with a uni-lobular nucleus which have a vital role in the innate immune system [1?]. When secreted in the bone marrow into the blood, these cells survey the body for web sites of inflammation. On encountering inflammatory stress signals the monocytes need to swiftly activate and migrate to regions of injury exactly where they’re able to differentiate in to the proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype [3]. In the M1 state the activated monocyte acrophage cell under.